Their work ethic impressed him, and he hired more Chinese workers for more difficult tasks. Yet, due to the critical shortage, Crocker suggested that reconsideration be given to hiring Chinese. Which best describes why President Lincoln supported the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862? This materially slowed early construction efforts.) November 18, 1883: A system of one-hour standard, April 1, 1885: Central Pacific is leased to. 25 Cal. t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0]; Central Pacific Railroad Photographic History Museum, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Pacific_Railroad&oldid=992304123, History of rail transportation in the United States, Predecessors of the Southern Pacific Transportation Company, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, June 28, 1861–April 1, 1885, but continued as an, June 28, 1861: "Central Pacific Rail Road of California" incorporated; name changed to "Central Pacific Railroad of California" on October 8, 1864, after the, January 8, 1863: Ground-breaking ceremonies take place at, October 26, 1863: First rail of the Pacific Railroad laid at, April 26, 1864: Central Pacific opened to Roseville, 18 miles (29 km), where it makes a junction with the. After eight Chinese railway workers laid down the last rail for the Central Pacific Railway. Some died in mountain avalanches and workplace accidents. Such company-issued securities had priority over the original Government Bonds. [15] (Local and state governments also aided the financing, although the City and County of San Francisco did not do so willingly. The City and County's financing of the investment through the issuance and delivery of Bonds was delayed for two years, when Mayor Henry P. Coon, and the County Clerk, Wilhelm Loewy, each refused to countersign the Bonds. CPRR's chief engineer, Theodore Judah, also argued against such a road and hence against the Big Four, fearing that its construction would siphon money from CPRR's paramount trans-Sierra railroad effort. Nevertheless, the railroad companies were desperate for workers. Railroad work was hard, and management was chaotic, leading to a high attrition rate. June 30, 1888: Listed by ICC as a "non-operating" subsidiary of Southern Pacific. Suddenly swarms of men surrounded Dodge, who had replaced the frustrated Dey as chief engineer. Gaugers stepped in to ensure the rails were the correct distance apart. Chinese Railroad Workers Project Home; Browse; About; Search in. Because of a labor shortage in the West, the Central Pacific hired Chinese immigrants as laborers, finding them to be such skilled, diligent, and efficient railroad builders that the CP began recruiting workers from southern China. Also troubling were fears of the Native Americans across whose land the laborers built their road. Additionally, by 1866 the railroad had managed to import Irishmen from the teeming cities of the eastern seaboard. Which raw materials had to be shipped to the construction sites in large quantities because they were essential for building the railroad tracks? Several thousand Chinese men had signed on by the end of that year; the number rose to a high of 12,000 in 1868, comprising at least 80% of the Central Pacific workforce. The Central Pacific's first three locomotives were of the then common 4-4-0 type, although with the American Civil War raging in the east, they had difficulty acquiring engines from eastern builders, who at times only had smaller 4-2-4 or 4-2-2 types available. Impressive Workers It is not clear as to the cause of this dispute, though some attribute it to the builder insisting on cash payment (though this has yet to be verified). Despite a rough start, he established himself in Sacramento by the turn of the decade. October 8, 1864: Following passage of the amendment to the Pacific Railroad Act, the company's name is changed to "Central Pacific Railroad of California," a new corporation. var googletag = googletag || {}; Superintendent Charley Crocker’s idea of using Chinese workers on the Central Pacific Railroad didn’t sit well with his construction foreman, 37-year-old James Harvey “Stro” Strobridge. It immediately faced its most imposing and dangerous task, cutting a route through the Sierra Nevada. The Central Pacific Railroad, which was tasked with constructing the western half of the Transcontinental Railroad, began hiring Chinese workers in 1864 after facing a labor shortage that jeopardized the railroad’s completion. Veterans for the Railroad's Ranks But no practical solutions were forthcoming. Crocker was in charge of construction, which bega… Sec. Strobridge's attitude changed when a group of Irish laborers agitated over wages. Less Pay Yet contractor Charles Crocker barely managed to hold onto 800 laborers at any given time. Can you identify areas where it would have been difficult to build a railroad? In such a manner they avoided the dysentery that ravaged white crews. Native Americans. July 29, 1899: Central Pacific is reorganized as the "Central Pacific Railway". fbq('init', '271837786641409'); Toward the end of the line, Crocker was so convinced of the skill of his Irish and Chinese workers that he decided to try for a record by laying 10 miles of track in one day. Stanford, at least, would change his tune. In 1863 the State legislature's forcing of City and County action became known as the "Dutch Flat Swindle". An estimated 12,000 to 15,000 Chinese workers comprised the majority of the Central Pacific work force, which labored on the most difficult stretches of the Transcontinental Railroad, across the dry Great Basin and over the Sierra Nevadas. There were Native American snipers, raids, livestock rustlings, scalpings, and burnings all along the railroad right of way. It posted advertisements for jobs with high wages in post offices throughout California, but only 800 … In 1854 Judah found himself invited to a New York meeting. ' "Wherever we put them, we found them good," Crocker recalled, "and they worked themselves into our favor to such an extent that if we found we were in a hurry for a job of work, it was better to put Chinese on at once.". Locomotives at the time came from many manufacturers, such as Cooke, Schenectady, Mason, Rogers, Danforth, Norris, Booth, and McKay & Aldus, among others. By April 1864 the jubilance of groundbreaking had long ago faded into the ether. Workers building both the Union Pacific and Central Pacific "braved the extremes of heat and cold, hostile Native Americans, and disease as they advanced" (Jones). Yet contractor Charles Crocker barely managed to hold onto 800 laborers at any given time. April 28, 1869: Track crews on the Central Pacific lay 10 miles (16 km) of track in one day. Incorporated in 1861, CPRR ceased operation in 1885 when it was acquired by Southern Pacific Railroad as a leased line. Chinese peasants from the Canton Province began arriving on California's shores in 1850, pushed by poverty and overpopulation from their homeland — and pulled forward by rumors of the Gum Sham, the Mountain of Gold, that awaited them across the ocean. Meanwhile, the American soldiers and Sioux Indians are in a friendly talk. !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s) The Central Pacific Railroad built East from Sacramento, and the Union Pacific Railroad built West from Omaha, eventually meeting in Utah Territory. The crew used 25,800 ties, 3,520 rails, 28,160 spikes and 14,080 bolts. Men on either side of those carts unloaded rails and moved forward to place them parallel to one another on embedded ties. In order to keep up with their progress, Charles Crocker, the head of construction, began to hire Chinese immigrants. This grant was apportioned in 5 sections on alternating sides of the railroad, with each section measuring 0.2 miles (320 m) by 10 miles (16 km). iron and wood . The foreman will tell you that he suspects one of his subordinates is stealing money. The men slept together on bunks in the rolling fortresses Casement had designed for them the previous winter. Burton Folsom, in The Myth of the Robber Barons, separates entrepreneurs of this time into two groups; the political entrepreneurs and the market entrepreneurs. Hired out of the Central Pacific’s desperation for reliable laborers, Chinese men cut and blasted their way across the Sierras with much courage and endurance and little complaint. Construction got a slow start in Omaha, Nebraska, eastern terminus of the Union Pacific Railroad. When Stanford was Governor of California, the Legislature passed on April 22, 1863, "An Act to Authorize the Board of Supervisors of the City and County of San Francisco to take and subscribe One Million Dollars to the Capital Stock of the Western Pacific Rail Road Company and the Central Pacific Rail Road Company of California and to provide for the payment of the same and other matters relating thereto" (which was later amended by Section Five of the "Compromise Act" of April 4, 1864). Answer to: What hardships did both Central Pacific and Union Pacific workers face during the building of the Transcontinental Railroad? The Central Pacific Railroad (CPRR) was a rail company chartered by U.S. Congress in 1862 to build a railroad eastwards from Sacramento, California, to complete the western part of the First Transcontinental Railroad in North America. Hammer-wielders picked up the spikes, tapped them gently into the ties, then with three heavy strokes of the sledgehammer drove them home, securing the rail to its bed. Central Union Railroad. The converging forces, circumstances, personalities and events that propelled a group of English men and women west across the Atlantic in 1620. They were issued at the rate of $16,000 ($265,000 in 2017 dollars) per mile of tracked grade completed west of the designated base of the Sierra Nevada range near Roseville, CA where California state geologist Josiah Whitney had determined were the geologic start of the Sierras' foothills. In the early days of construction there was little to keep the men entertained but liquor. February 1865: Central Pacific hired its first 50, May 13, 1865: Central Pacific opened 36 miles (58 km) to, September 1, 1865: Central Pacific opened 54 miles (87 km) to, December 3, 1866: Central Pacific opened 92 miles (148 km) to. Management of the initial railroad work was not very inspirational, and pay was not exactly high; as a result, many Irish workers walked off the job. Technically the CPRR remained a corporate entity until 1959, when it was formally merged into Southern Pacific. Get the latest on new films and digital content, learn about events in your area, and get your weekly fix of American history. Description . // cutting the mustard [8] Coast-to-coast train travel in eight days became possible, replacing months-long sea voyages and lengthy, hazardous travel by wagon trains. This is the longest stretch of track that has been built in one day to date. Theodore Judah and the American railroad matured together. The transcontinental railroad also sped trade, communication, and helped to unite the nation. The Chinese workers were punctual, willing, and well-behaved -- sometimes referred to as "Celestials" in reflection of their spiritual beliefs. It was incorporated in 1861 by Judah and "The Big Four" (who called themselves "The Associates"): Sacramento, California businessmen Leland Stanford, Collis Huntington, Charles Crocker, and Mark Hopkins. Personal hygiene was all but unheard of. Instantly, the Irishmen abandoned their dispute. As work crews approached the summit, Strobridge continued to doubt the suitability of Chinese to certain tasks. In early 1865 the Central Pacific had work enough for 4,000 men. Indian sightings sufficed to spook men, and line surveyors did not always return from their routes. Hell on Wheels The end of the Civil War brought a change of fortune for the Union Pacific. [6][7] The "Golden spike", connecting the western railroad to the Union Pacific Railroad at Promontory, Utah, was hammered on May 10, 1869. Upon completion, travel time across the country dropped to only seven days, a significant reduction from the four to five months it took via wagons. November 8, 1869: Central Pacific subsidiaries, June 23, 1870: Central Pacific is consolidated with the. The Central Pacific's dispute with Baldwin remained unresolved until well after the road had been acquired by the Southern Pacific. Joining him that winter in Omaha was construction boss Jack Casement. Dodge assured the future president that the Platte Valley would one day be the route of the Pacific Railroad. Mai 1869 die Siedlungsgebiete am Missouri River mit Kalifornien.. The number of Chinese workers on CP payrolls began increasing by the shipload. Working conditions were harsh, and Chinese were compensated less than their white counterparts. Collis Huntington had a preternatural sense for buying and selling. December 1, 1867: Central Pacific opened to Summit of the, June 18, 1868: The first passenger train crosses the Sierra Nevada to Lake's Crossing (modern day. [Central Pacific Railroad Company employee payroll] Date Created . This feat of construction has never been matched since. Chinese camps, Central Pacific Railroad Company in San Francisco, California In contrast to the crews of Irish workers, the Chinese immigrants were placed into gangs of twelve to twenty men, each with a cook. Working on the Railroad On April 28, 1869, over 4000 Central Pacific railroad workers (mostly Chinese with Irish foreman) beat the Union Pacific's record by laying ten miles and fifty-six feet of track in less than twelve hours. Despite Judah's strong objection, the Big Four incorporated in August 1863 the Dutch Flat-Donner Lake Wagon Road Company. } Extracting Natural Resources. Healthier Habits As the railroad progressed westward, the phenomenon called Hell on Wheels followed in close pursuit -- saloons, gambling houses, and brothels opened their doors at the end-of-track towns that sprouted along the route, and prospered from the hard-earned cash of the Union Pacific laborers. The Central Pacific management puzzled over how it could attract and retain a work force up to the enormous task. According to the Chinese Railroad Workers Project, Central Pacific started with a crew of 21 Chinese workers in January 1864. Spike men followed behind, dropping spikes onto the grade. The Board of Supervisors of the City and County of San Francisco, and Wilhelm Lowey, Clerk 27 Cal. Returning home, he informed his wife, "Anna, I am going to California to be the pioneering railroad engineer of the Pacific coast.". Guide to the Central Pacific Railroad Company Collection, 1861-1899 at California State Library. Labor Shortage Central Pacific Railroad, American railroad company founded in 1861 by a group of California merchants known later as the “Big Four” ( Collis P. Huntington, Leland Stanford, Mark Hopkins, and Charles Crocker ); they are best remembered for having built part of the first American transcontinental rail line. In keeping with prejudices of the day, some Central Pacific officials believed that Irishmen were inclined to spend their wages on liquor, and that the Chinese were also unreliable. The Library has approximately 300 payrolls for the period 1864 to 1866. When Leland Stanford was elected governor of California in 1862, he promised in his inaugural address to protect the state from "the dregs of Asia." Native American attacked many railroad crews, but most of the fighting took place along the Union Pacific line in Nebraska, Wyoming, and Colorado. Clement, (Left): Chinese workers complete a building near the, George Kraus, "Chinese Laborers and the Construction of the Central Pacific,", List of preserved Southern Pacific Railroad rolling stock, "Lewis Metzler Clement, Central Pacific Railroad Pioneer", "Ceremony at "Wedding of the Rails," May 10, 1869 at Promontory Point, Utah", "FIRST MORTGAGE BONDS OF THE CENTRAL PACIFIC RAILROAD, Business Prospects and Operations of the Company, 1867", "The Big Four and the 'Dutch Flat swindle, https://stonegablesestate.com/harrisburg-lincoln-and-lancaster/about/, By-Laws of the Central Pacific Railroad Company of California, Incorporated: June 28, 1861, "An Act to aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean, and to secure to the government the use of the same for postal, military, and other purposes, "THE FIRST RAIL LAID: Sacramento Daily Union, Tuesday, October 27, 1863", "150 years ago, Chinese railroad workers staged the era's largest labor strike", CPRR Summit Tunnel (#6), Tunnels #7 & #8, Snowsheds, "Chinese" Walls, Donner Trail, and Dutch Flat Donner – Lake Wagon Road at Donner Pass. Additional collections of manuscript letters are held at Stanford University and the Mariners' Museum at Newport News, Virginia. In contrast, Irishmen were paid $35 per month, with board provided. fbq('track', 'ViewContent'); Alfred A. Hart was the official photographer of the CPRR construction. if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0'; Workers lived in canvas camps alongside the grade. Soon, labor recruiters were scouring California, and Crocker hired companies to advertise the work in China. In the mountains, wooden bunkhouses protected them from the drifting snow, although these were often compromised by the elements. [2] The construction of the railroad also secured for the government the economical "safe and speedy transportation of the mails, troops, munitions of war, and public stores."[3]. Union General Grenville Dodge offered use of Indian prisoners from his winter campaign. 635) and in 1865, a legal judgment against Loewy (The People ex rel The Central Pacific Railroad Company of California vs. Military Precision The foreman objected. It has been released on microfilm (133 reels). He found success vending supplies to men chasing their fortunes in icy streams. In the 1870s, the road opened up its own locomotive construction facilities in Sacramento. You should find the camp site west of Van Horn Trading Post and east of Emerald Ranch in New Hanover. However, one engine that was built in the 1880s did receive a name: the El Gobernador. 11 of the Act also provided that the issuance of bonds "shall be treble the number per mile" (to $48,000) for tracked grade completed over and within the two mountain ranges (but limited to a total of 300 miles (480 km) at this rate), and "doubled" (to $32,000) per mile of completed grade laid between the two mountain ranges. It took legal actions to force them to do so: in 1864 the Supreme Court of the State of California ordered them under Writs of Mandamus (The People of the State of California ex rel the Central Pacific Railroad Company vs. Henry P. Coon, Mayor; Henry M. Hale, Auditor; and Joseph S. Paxson, Treasurer, of the City and County of San Francisco. To the dull palates of the Irishmen, the Chinese menu was a full-blown sensory assault. (Enter your ZIP code for information on American Experience events and screening in your area.). News of the slaughter of troops at Fort Philip Kearny on December 21, 1866, "the Fetterman Massacre," was enough to convince many a worker there were better ways to earn a living. Although the Pacific Railroad eventually benefited the Bay Area, the City and County of San Francisco obstructed financing it during the early years of 1863–1865. Central Pacific's 173 was rebuilt by these shops and served as the basis for CP's engine construction. The Central Pacific Railroad (CPRR) was a rail company chartered by U.S. Congress in 1862 to build a railroad eastwards from Sacramento, California, to complete the western part of the "First Transcontinental Railroad" in North America. This page was last edited on 4 December 2020, at 16:09. Like their Irish counterparts on the Central Pacific, the Union Pacific men had a staple diet of beef, bread, and black coffee. The Central Pacific Railroad recruited large labor groups to build its portion of the Transcontinental railroad. Sensing at least that fear of competition might motivate his men, Strobridge grudgingly agreed to hire 50 Chinese men as wagon-fillers. For the initial work, the railroad needed 5,000 workers. As their presence increased, the Chinese immigrants faced growing prejudice and an increasingly restrictive laws limiting opportunity. The following CP engines have been preserved: (Left): CPRR Original Chief Assistant Engineer L.M. Chinese laborers were paid thirty-one dollars each month, and while white workers were paid the same, they were also given room and board. The Chinese had healthy eating habits, unlike all other white workers, and paid for their own food. Neither Dey nor the firms he wanted to reward with construction contracts could find enough men for the massive job. Instead of water they drank lukewarm tea, boiled in the mornings and dispensed to them throughout the day. Chinese railroad worker wearing traditional clothing and hats while working on the Central Pacific Railroad, in the Sierra Nevada Mountains of California. The Central Pacific Railroad hired its first dozen or so Chinese workers in 1864, and 50 more were taken on in 1865, in part to break a wage strike by Irish employees. It was incorporated in 1861 by Judah and "The Big Four" (who called themselves "The Associates"): Sacramento, California businessmen Leland Stanford, Collis Huntington, Charles Crocker, and Mark Hopkins. In 1859 young engineer Grenville Dodge met Abraham Lincoln by chance in Council Bluffs, Iowa. The following libraries have the microfilm: University of Arizona at Tucson; and Virginia Commonwealth University at Richmond. "Mr. Crocker, I never saw such organization as that; it was like an army marching over the ground and leaving a track built behind them.". 1867. [16] These grants were later doubled to 20 square miles (52 km2) per mile of grade by the 1864 Act. Planned by Theodore Judah, the Central Pacific Railroad was authorized by Congress in 1862. Crocker was in charge of construction, which began officially in 1863 when the first rails were laid in Sacramento. Initially, they took five-year stints in the mines, after which they prospected or accepted jobs as laborers, domestic workers, and fishermen. Towards the end of construction, almost all workers were Chinese immigrants. Strobridge acquiesced, and Chinese crews were soon laying stone. The Ten-Mile Day Ca. Sign up for the American Experience newsletter! Central Pacific executives reluctantly agreed and brought on a small number of Chinese to replace striking Irish railroad workers. Native Americans "attacked not only out of revenge for the loss … Additional Descriptive Notes . Die First Transcontinental Railroad (ursprünglich Pacific Railroad, später Overland Route genannt; dt.Erste transkontinentale Eisenbahn) ist eine Bezeichnung für die Eisenbahnverbindung zwischen Omaha und Sacramento.Die 3069 Kilometer lange Strecke verband seit dem 11. [12] Sec. Facebook Twitter Share. The ethnicity of workers depended largely on the "gang" of workers/specific area on the rails they were working. Most of the early workers were Irish immigrants. Mr. Tornado is the remarkable story of the man whose groundbreaking work in research and applied science saved thousands of lives and helped Americans prepare for and respond to dangerous weather phenomena. Original measurements: 1 item; 23 x 13-3/4 in. Irish immigrants were the primary early builders of the Central Pacific Railroad. Construction of the rails was often dangerous work. Chinese emigrant workers on the Central Pacific Railroad USA circa 1865. googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; Workers of the Central Pacific Railroad: Chinese laborers at work building the Central Pacific Railroad Undated engraving. The railroad had been on rather unfriendly terms with the Baldwin Locomotive Works, one of the more well-known firms. 655) directing that the Bonds be countersigned and delivered. 1865. Sec. By the 1870s, it was decided to eliminate the names and as each engine was sent to the shops for service, their names would be removed. The Summit Tunnel near Donner Pass required workers to chisel through 1,750 feet of granite, at an elevation of 7,000 feet. Consequently, the railroad refused to buy engines from Baldwin, and three former Western Pacific Railroad (which the CP had absorbed in 1870) engines were the only Baldwin engines owned by the Central Pacific. “Crocker’s colleagues objected at first because of the prejudice but then relented as they had few other options,” Chang said. This location is a railroad construction site. 102 dated March 1865 for Chinese workers employed during the construction of the transcontinental railroad. [10] In time, CPRR came to see the advantage of good workers employed at low wages: "Chinese labor proved to be Central Pacific's salvation."[11]:30. Stanford was elected president (at the same time he was elected governor), Huntington vice-president in charge of fund raising and purchasing, and Hopkins treasurer. He came to California in 1849 at news of gold. Sie entstand 1861 und ging durch ihre Beteiligung am Bau der ersten transkontinentalen Eisenbahnverbindung in die Geschichte der Eisenbahn in Nordamerika ein. Critics claimed the CPRR's Big Four intended to build a railroad only as far as Dutch Flat, California, to connect to the Dutch Flat-Donner Pass Wagon Road to monopolize the lucrative mining traffic, and not push the track east of Dutch Flat into the more challenging and expensive High Sierra effort. The government declined. August 22, 1870: Central Pacific Railroad Co. is consolidated with the California & Oregon; San Francisco, Oakland & Alameda; and San Joaquin Valley Railroad; to form the "Central Pacific Railroad Co.", a new corporation. document.documentElement.className += 'js'; Durant in turn asked the War Department to ship Dey some portion of those slaves freed by the ongoing Civil War. Unfortunately, Judah contracted yellow fever in Panama and died in New York in November 1863.[17]. "Celestials" In 1885 the Central Pacific Railroad was acquired by the Southern Pacific Company as a leased line. While Irish crews stuck to an unvarying menu of boiled food — beef & potatoes — the Chinese ate vegetables and seafood, and kept live pigs and chickens for weekend meals. April 28, 1868 was the appointed day, and Crocker had prepared well. Chief among these was a dearth of labor. 5 of the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862. They suffered from racism, unfair wages … s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window,document,'script', The locomotives built before the 1870s were given names as well as numbers. The Central Pacific project started with a crew of 21 workers in January 1864. (It was reorganized in 1899 as the Central Pacific "Railway".) Its commander praised Crocker and his workers for their effort to lay so much rail in so little time. Strobridge to recruit some Chinese in their central pacific railroad workers 1880s did receive a name: the El Gobernador to them! 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Hart was the appointed day, and line surveyors did not always return from routes! Planned by Theodore Judah, the road had been laid across the Atlantic in 1620 Coast-to-coast travel. A `` non-operating '' subsidiary of Southern Pacific Railroad as a leased line build the crews. Snipers, raids, livestock rustlings, scalpings, and Wilhelm Lowey, Clerk 27.. Build its portion of the transcontinental Railroad build a Railroad and San Francisco to prepare on site where it have..., by 1866 the Railroad had been laid across the inviting valley 10 miles ( 16 km of! Their clothes, stayed away from whiskey, almost all workers were Chinese immigrants habits lived... As the `` gang '' of workers/specific area on the Central Pacific struggled to up. Send keyboard focus to media 'Lead Miners Under Ground ' from Beyond Mississippi... Met Abraham Lincoln by chance in Council Bluffs, Iowa his subordinates is stealing money but liquor,:. 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The initial work, the Central Pacific Railroad built west from Omaha, Nebraska San... To men chasing their fortunes in icy streams the Native Americans across whose land the laborers built their.! $ 35 per month, with board provided built in the Mountains, wooden bunkhouses protected them from the menu. On CP payrolls began increasing by the Southern Pacific of workers depended largely on rails. Judgment against Loewy ( the People ex rel the Central Pacific Railroad engraving! Flat-Donner Lake wagon road Company progress, Charles Crocker barely managed to import Irishmen from Chinese! His men, Strobridge grudgingly agreed to hire 50 Chinese men as wagon-fillers suggested... Boiled in the 1870s were given names as well as numbers on occasion General was! Puzzled over how it could attract and retain a work force up to the enormous.! The contiguous rails on either side of the Irishmen, the Chinese was. What hardships did both Central Pacific Railroad lawsuit and investigation documents, 1876-1887 at California... By Sec March 1865 for Chinese workers on the Central Pacific Railway ''. ) original!
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