The few who remain barricade themselves in the Acropolis, which is besieged. Xerxes once more rejects good advice, but this time it comes from one of the rare women in the narrative, Queen Artemisia of Halicarnassus. Battle of Salamis, (480 bc ), battle in the Greco-Persian Wars in which a Greek fleet defeated much larger Persian naval forces in the straits at Salamis, between the island of Salamis and the Athenian port-city of Piraeus. Histories Study Guide. It was home to a prophetic oracle famous for predicting the future. Hide browse bar Your current position in the text is marked in blue. Accompanied by 1,207 warships and 3,000 transports, Xerxes intended to destroy Athens to avenge the defeat of the Persian army at Marathon a decade earlier. 83 of Book 8, Herodotus heightens the tone of his language. Wary of being trapped in Europe, Xerxes withdrew with much of his army to Asia (losing most to starvation and disease), leaving Mardonius to attempt to complete the conquest of Greece. Themistocles uses a trick to limit the Persians' numerical advantage. Altert.) Artemisia's reasons for ramming a friendly ship are unknown, as Herodotus acknowledges, but they give him the chance to unfold a punchline that reveals something of Greek expectations of gender roles. He sends a spy to the Persians with a secret message that induces them to attack at dawn in a very narrow bay. The story is already known to Aeschylus, a contemporary; on the other hand, the Persians hardly needed this incentive, as they were anyhow forced to attack. During the council, news arrives that the Persians have entered Athenian territory and are looting and burning as they go. . The Greeks prepare to fight; Themistocles exhorts the men (83). Upload them to earn free Course Hero access! Themistocles, the Greek commander, lured the Persian fleet of Xerxes, the Persian king, into the narrow waters between the island of Salamis and the mainland. Course Hero, Inc. As a reminder, you may only use Course Hero content for your own personal use and may not copy, distribute, or otherwise exploit it for any other purpose. If the Persians would enter the strait between Salamis and the mainland, they would easily defeat the Greeks. With the dawn of the day of the Battle of Salamis in ch. Ancient naval battles were by preference, as Duncker (Gesch. With the dawn of the day of the Battle of Salamis in ch. Artemisia rams her own allies but Xerxes thinks she has rammed an enemy. The Country and Customs of the Scythians, - Copyright © 2016. In particular, the words at 8.83.1, προηγρενε εῢ ἒΧοντα μν κ πντων Θεμιστοκλης, have regularly been mistranslated. - Persia had not improved its strategic position and Xerxes recalled his army, which had reached the Isthmus. The Battle of Salamis was a naval battle fought between an alliance of Greek city-states under Themistocles, and the Persian Empire under King Xerxes in 480 BC. The Battle of Salamis was fought in September 480 BC during the Persian Wars (499 to 449 BC). The Battle of Salamis 77 Munro, of Oxford, who refers to my article and agrees with its general conclusions, while he rejects the opposing view (as he deems it) of Herodotus;1 and especially A. Milchh6fer, Erliduternder Textzu Curtius u. Kaupert's Karten von Attika, Berlin, 1895, VII-VIII, pp. The Battle of Salamis (/ ˈsæləmɪs /; Ancient Greek: Ναυμαχία τῆς Σαλαμῖνος, Naumachia tēs Salaminos) was a naval battle fought between an alliance of Greek city-states under Themistocles and the Persian Empire under King Xerxes in 480 BC which resulted in a decisive victory for the outnumbered Greeks. Early in the morning of 29 September, when it was still very dark, the Persians started to enter the narrow strait. It resulted in a decisive victory for the outnumbered Greeks. The Persians had suffered a serious setback, but it was certainly not a disaster. 83 of Book 8, Herodotus heightens the tone of his language. Herodotus of Halicarnassus: The ... * Battle of Salamis: Greeks debate their desperate situation [582], surrounded by the enemy at Salamis. They were almost without a chance. The next objective was to quell once and for all the collection of potentially troublesome rebel states on the western border of the Empire. Overview battle of Salamis. Modern Studies of Salamis. She is ignored, and the Persian fleet advances to give battle. Herodotus, The Histories A. D. Godley, Ed. After the Persian victories at Artemisium and Thermopylae, king Xerxes proceeded to Athens, which he captured in the last days of September 480. Unlike Herodotus, it is assumed that Aeschylus had an eyewitness account as the play was performed in 472BC, only eight years after the Battle of Salamis. Battle of Salamis. Salamis is an island off the coast of mainland Greece. The few defenders of the city had misinterpreted the words of the Delphic oracle. The historian, Herodotus, says the two men debated at the war council: Herodotus's Account of Ba/tle of Salamis. {490}. Vol. Thanks to their efforts, the Greek fleet swells to almost 400 ships. What We Learned: from the Battle of Salamis. Xerxes watched what happened from a nearby hill, and saw how, at dawn, his ships were attacked on their flank. Artemisia's exploits in the Battle of Salamis are more famous than most because Herodotus says that he cannot relay many other exploits but hers. In the battle, Artemisia wins Xerxes's esteem for her bravery, even though she rammed a friendly ship. The Greeks are victorious in the battle. Site Map. Herodotus …show more content… the Greek commanders met at Salamis and argued about whether to fight or retreat. She argues that such is the Greek superiority as sailors that the Persians have no hope of victory. They believed the "wooden wall" that would save Athens was that of the Acropolis, but it was instead the fleet of Themistocles. Eurybiades is convinced. On the other side, all of Xerxes's leaders are in favor of attacking the Greek fleet, except for Queen Artemisia, who rules Halicarnassus. To … Meanwhile, the Greek navy, which had managed to get away from Artemisium, stayed on the isle of Salamis, opposite Athens. February 7, 2019. The battle was fought in the straits between the mainland and Salamis, an island in the Saronic Gulf near Athens, and marked the high point of the second Persian invasion of Greece. The epic true story of Themistocles and the Battle of Salamis, and a rousing history of the world's first dominant navy and the towering empire it built The Athenian Navy was one of the finest fighting forces in the history of the world. When it became apparent that her ship was in the range of a charging Athenian ship, Artemisia ordered her own ship to ram and sink an ally, killing everyone. Battle of Salamis was one of the final battles in the second war between the Persian Empire led by King Xerxes and an alliance of Greek city-states. By this point of the narrative, how events will unfold should be familiar to the reader. The Naval Battle at Salamis. Herodotus's fair-minded approach to the exploits he relates is shown by his praise of the Aeginans, who previously have appeared primarily as antagonists of the Athenians and Spartans. By the first years of the 5th century BCE, Persia, under the rule of Darius (r. 522-486 BCE), was already expanding into mainland Europe and had subjugated Thrace and Macedonia. In Course Hero. The Battle of Salamis was the major turning point in the Second Persian Invasion of Greece. The September 480 B.C.E. d. He orders the temples to be looted. Powell even wanted … Athens falls to Xerxes. 7 Feb. 2019. In its first logos, we witness the naval engagement on the sea between Aphetae and Artemisium. Meanwhile, the Greek navy, which had managed to get away from Artemisium, stayed on the isle of Salamis, opposite Athens. has shown, fought from shore to shore, i.e. According to a story by Herodotus that may or may not be true, the Athenian admiral Themistocles, pretending to be a friend of the Persians, lured the enemy navy into the straits of Salamis: he ordered a slave to row to the shore, and tell the Persians that the Greek allies were to abandon their position.note[Herodotus, Histories 8.75.] Xerxes still decided to confront the Greeks at Salamis and in the heat of this battle is where Artemisia appeared again in Herodotus’s narrative. Have study documents to share about Histories? This page was created in 2004; last modified on 10 August 2020. Home » Articles » Battle » Salamis (480 BCE), About Pictures Sources Countries Languages Categories Tags Thanks FAQ Donate Contact Articles Stubs. On September 29, 480 BC, the Battle of Salamis took place, a naval battle between the Greek city-states under Themistocles and the Persian Empire under King Xerxes, which marked the high-point of the second Persian invasion of Greece.. Our main source for the Greco-Persian Wars is the Greek historian Herodotus, often referred to as the ‘Father of History’. The Greeks hold a council of war. "Histories Study Guide." Herodotus describes the contingents and their numbers. "Histories Study Guide." The Greeks hold a council of war. Hide browse bar Your current position in the text is marked in blue. An unfortunate result of his more elaborately worked writing has been failure to understand his words, and hence much misplaced editorial intervention. The presence of the enemy close to Phaleron, the Athenian harbor, created a strategic problem for the Persians: they … Course Hero. An unfortunate result of his more elaborately worked writing has been failure to understand his words, and hence much misplaced editorial intervention. The Battle of Salamis was a great victory for the Greek navy and, in combination with a victory by the Greek army at the Battle of Plataeathe next year, led to the complete defeat of the Persians. Od. He proves this with the great victory at Salamis. During the council, news arrives that the Persians have entered Athenian territory and are looting and burning as they go. The campaign had witnessed the Greeks pushed south and Athens captured. xxxiii.] Show Summary Details. All content copyright © 1995–2020 Livius.org. The Athenians try to convince the other Greeks to marshal their naval strength at Salamis. Most of the population of … We know that an Egyptian flotilla tried to block the Greek retreat to the north, but it was defeated or neutralized by the Corinthian ships. ("Agamemnon", "Hom. However quite similarly to Herodotus’ histories, Xerxes is cast in a negative light, claiming that the Great King was an embodiment of the defeated Persian forces from Greece. Some of the Greeks once more argue for splitting the fleet. Quick Reference (480 bc) A naval battle fought in the Aegean Sea during the Greek-Persian wars. The Athenians act like this, because they do not trust the Spartans, who had promised to send an army to Boeotia to defend Athens, but were actually building a wall across the Corinthian isthmus and destroying the road leading to the isthmus, which is usually called Skiron's r… Retrieved January 14, 2021, from https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Histories/. (2019, February 7). All rights reserved. The strait of Salamis. Most of the population of Athens itself is with the fleet, and so when the Persians enter the city, they find it all but deserted. It also shows that Xerxes, at the height of his power, is actually powerless: watching the battle from afar, he cannot affect its course, and he cannot even clearly see what is happening. Course Hero. It was, therefore, imperative to expel the Greeks from Salamis. So much has been written about the battle of Salamis, and it is of such high quality, that one approaches the scholarly literature with respect, gratitude, and humility. Two Persian captains who distinguished themselves (85). Though Herodotus names many of the Persian commanders killed in the battle there is no mention of ship losses. The Greeks did not pursue the retreating Persian army, which went on to occupy winter quarters in Thessaly. Things might have been different if the Persian army had received support from its navy: that would have forced to Greeks to divide their attention. The Battle of Salamis (/ ˈ s æ l ə m ɪ s /; Ancient Greek: Ναυμαχία τῆς Σαλαμῖνος, Naumachia tēs Salaminos) was a naval battle fought between an alliance of Greek city-states under Themistocles and the Persian Empire under King Xerxes in 480 BC which resulted in a decisive victory for the outnumbered Greeks. Od. Herodotus The History Summary. The next logos opens with a description of a serious quarrel between the Greek admirals. Disposition of ships (from Greek perspective): Athenians on the right against Phoenicians, Spartans on the left against Ionians. Herodotus shows his belief in divine intervention with the story of the miraculous delivery of Delphi, home of the famous oracle. This was where Adeimantus of Corinth came in. Web. 14 Jan. 2021. Course Hero. In 490 BCE Greek forces led by Athens met the Persians in battle at Marathon and defeated the invaders. Herodotus' Histories, book 8. summary and comments by Jona Lendering : Twenty-third logos: the naval battle off Artemisium (8.1-39) Book Seven ended with a Greek defeat, but in Book Eight we will hear about Greek successes. Salamis was another strait that Themistocles hoped to lure the Persians into for a battle that would again favor the smaller, more maneuverable Greek ships. (1) In particular, the words at 8.83.1, (Unknown Words Omitted) (Unknown Words Omitted), have regularly been mistranslated. Download a PDF to print or study offline. The battle of Salamis was a naval battle that fought between the Greece city and Persia. The Greeks were at Salamis I3I proposed line of his battle. The final question remains: why didn't the Persians use the winter of 480/479 to rebuild their navy? The Greek fleet—seeking a decisive victory over the Persian armada—attacked and defeated the invaders at the Battle of Salamis in late 480 BC. Themistocles tries to convince Eurybiades to stay and keep the fleet together, for this is the only way to ensure the collective defense of Greece. The presence of the enemy close to Phaleron, the Athenian harbor, created a strategic problem for the Persians: they could not use their port as easy as they wanted. The Greek strategy rests on drawing the Persians into a narrow strait where they cannot bring their numbers to bear. The best book-length study, too often overlooked, is Constantin N. Rados, La Bataille de Salamine(Paris: Fontemoing & Cie., 1915). After the Persian victories at Artemisium and Thermopylae, king Xerxes proceeded to Athens, which he captured in the last days of September 480. Eventually, Xerxes's army gets close enough to Athens that they evacuate the city, and do battle at Salamis, and since they can swim, they survive when their ships go down, but the Persians often sink because they don't know how. He had done his part leading the Corinthians in the Battle of Artemisium, but when Themistocles made his suggestion, he took offense. At nightfall, at least a third of the Persian ships was defeated. Home > Books & Literature > Ancient > Herodotus: The History. And this was something they had to, because their army was proceeding to the Isthmus of Corinth, and it was imperative that the transport ships, brimful with food, could join the soldiers on the Isthmus. 9.1", "denarius") All Search Options [view abbreviations] Home Collections/Texts Perseus Catalog Research Grants Open Source About Help. Herodotus, The Histories A. D. Godley, Ed. The real decision came in the following year, 479, when the Persian commander Mardonius turned out to have insufficient troops to defeat a united Greek army at Plataea. Naval Battle of Salamis (29 September 480): important battle during the Persian War, in which the Greek allies defeated the Persian navy. According to Herodotus, the Athenians insist that their compatriots must send their fleets to Salamis, a small island just opposite the Athenian harbors. The Athenians try to convince the other Greeks to marshal their naval strength at Salamis. 26, 27, Histories Summary and Study Guide. He praises Artemisia by mistake. The narrowness of the terrain means the Persians cannot simply overwhelm the Greeks with numbers. Thanks for exploring this SuperSummary Study Guide of “Histories” by Herodotus. Thanks to their efforts, the Greek fleet swells to almost 400 ships. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. Accessed January 14, 2021. https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Histories/. The battle begins. In the spring of 480 Xerxes led 180,000 soldiers over a pontoon bridge across the Hellespont BC, Persia’s King and invaded Greece. They are defeated, and Athens falls to Xerxes. In Persia, we learn of Artemisia, a priestess who serves the military as counsel. Themistocles has a tougher time with the other naval leaders, and only convinces them to stay and fight by threatening that the Athenians will take their fleet, head to Italy, and leave the rest to Xerxes's wrath. The Battle of Salamis (Ancient Greek: Ναυμαχία τῆς Σαλαμῖνος), was a naval battle fought between an Alliance of Greek city-states and the Achaemenid Empire of Persia in September 480 BC in the straits between the mainland and Salamis, an island in the Saronic Gulf near Athens.It marked the high-point of the second Persian invasion of Greece which had begun in 480 BC. 9.1", "denarius") All Search Options [view abbreviations] Home Collections/Texts Perseus Catalog Research Grants Open Source About Help. Summary. Herodotus describes the contingents and their numbers. Battle of Salamis was a naval battle fought between an alliance of Greek city-states under Themistocles and the Persian Empire under King Xerxes in 480 BC which resulted in a decisive victory for the outnumbered Greeks. Delphi was one of the largest and wealthiest temples in Greece, dedicated to the god Apollo. from friendly shores respectively, and not with the wings reposing, the one upon a friendly, the other upon an unfriendly, shore. A modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality study guides that feature detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, quotes, and essay topics. Richard A. Gabriel. An Athenian/Aeginetan controversy over which ship struck first (84). [1] Herodotus credits Aegina with the greatest exploits in the fight, followed by Athens. Grundy further believes that Herodotus forgot ‘the enormity of the losses he represents the Persians to have suffered in the two storms’ (p. 374), that Herodotus made a mistake as to the time and means of Aristides' arrival (p. 390), and that Herodotus and Diodorus both erred in not placing the Athenians and the Aeginetans next to one another in the battle (p. 400). ("Agamemnon", "Hom. One of the great naval battles in history, Salamis saw the out-numbered Greeks best a larger Persian fleet. The Persian Campaigns Against the Scythians. Still, Xerxes witnesses her apparent valor and curses the cowardice of his men, shamed by a woman's exploits. Course Hero, "Histories Study Guide," February 7, 2019, accessed January 14, 2021, https://www.coursehero.com/lit/Histories/. Course Hero. The battle of Salamis marked the main point of the Second Persian time and it was the most significant battle in history. 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