Ferdinand was elected Holy Roman Emperor on 28 August 1619 (Frankfurt), two days earlier the Protestant Bohemian Estates had deposed Ferdinand (as king of Bohemia). Also, he often served as Charles' representative in Germany and developed encouraging relationships with German princes. Therefore, after the death of his brother-in-law Louis II, King of Bohemia and of Hungary, at the battle of Mo… A portrait of Ferdinand I is shown on the reverse of the coin, while on the obverse a view of the Swiss Gate of the Hofburg Palace can be seen. Ferdinand sent the Pope a long accusation of treason against Martinuzzi in 87 articles, supported by 116 witnesses. This allowed him to play a critical role in the settlement of the religious issue in the Empire. Omissions? Consequently, its wording did not cover all, or even most, potential legal scenarios. The Croatian nobles unanimously accepted the Pozsony election of Ferdinand I, receiving him as their king in the 1527 election in Cetin, and confirming the succession to him and his heirs. But Isabella's hostile intrigues and threats from the Ottomans led Martinuzzi to switch round. In 1554, Ferdinand sent Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq to Constantinople to discuss a border treaty with Suleiman, but he could achieve nothing. Though always overshadowed by his brother Charles V, Ferdinand had become one of the most successful Habsburg rulers of the 16th century, increasing the hereditary possessions of the Austrian Habsburgs significantly and restoring peace to the empire after decades of religious warfare. The Pope refused to recognize Ferdinand as Emperor until 1559, when peace was reached between France and the Habsburgs. Ferdinand I (Fernando I) (10 March 1503 – 25 July 1564) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1556, king of Bohemia and Royal Hungary from 1526, and king of Croatia from 1527 until his death in 1564. Ferdinand invaded Hungary, but the regent, Frater George Martinuzzi, Bishop of Várad, called on the Ottomans for protection. Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor was born 10 March 1503 in Alcalá de Henares, Spain to Philip I of Castile (1478-1506) and Joanna of Castile (1479-1555) and died 25 July 1564 in Vienna, Austria of unspecified causes. Opposition from the nobles in those realms forced him to concede the independence of these institutions from supervision by the Austrian government in Vienna in 1559. Ferdinand was born in Alcalá de Henares, Spain, the son of Queen Joanna I of Castile from the House of Trastámara (herself the daughter of the Catholic Monarchs Isabel I of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon) and Habsburg Archduke Philip the Handsome, who was heir to Maximilian … The most recent one is the Austrian silver 20-euro Renaissance coin issued on 12 June 2002. Ferdinand was able to defend his realm and make it somewhat more cohesive, but he could not conquer the major part of Hungary. In foreign affairs Ferdinand was no less successful. Ferdinand's general Castaldo suspected Martinuzzi of treason and with Ferdinand's approval had him killed. Nicolaus Olahus, secretary of Louis, attached himself to the party of Ferdinand but retained his position with his sister, Queen Dowager Mary. Since Martinuzzi was by this time an archbishop and Cardinal, this was a shocking act, and Pope Julius III excommunicated Castaldo and Ferdinand. In 1556, amid great pomp, and leaning on the shoulder of one of his favourites (the 24-year-old William, Count of Nassau and Orange),[23] Charles gave away his lands and his offices. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). In spite of the huge Austrian sacrifices, he was not able to collect enough money to pay for the expenses of the defence costs of Austrian lands. Ferdinand organized an Imperial election in 1562 in order to secure the succession of his son Maximilian II. 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Given the settlement of 1521 and the election of 1531, Ferdinand became Holy Roman Emperor and suo jure Archduke of Austria. Together with the formation of the Schmalkaldic League in 1531, this struggle with the Ottomans caused Ferdinand to grant the Nuremberg Religious Peace. Ferdinand I (Spanish: Fernando I) (10 March 1503 – 25 July 1564) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1556, King of Bohemia, Hungary, and Croatia from 1526, and Archduke of Austria from 1521 until his death in 1564. Holy Roman Emperor, King of Hungary, Croatia, and Bohemia. Ferdinand was unable to keep the Ottomans out of Hungary. The Spanish empire, which included Spain, the Netherlands, Naples, Milan and Spain's possessions in the Americas, went to his son, Philip. Before his accession, he ruled the Austrian hereditary lands of the Habsburgs in the name of his elder brother, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. On the other hand, when he engaged in more audacious endeavours, like his offensives against Buda and Pest, it often ended in failure. [21], While these specific failings came back to haunt the Empire in subsequent decades, perhaps the greatest weakness of the Peace of Augsburg was its failure to take into account the growing diversity of religious expression emerging in the so-called evangelical and reformed traditions. PEAKE(1874) p300 Ferdinand I..jpg 557 × 1,014; 346 KB Initially he followed Charles’s policies almost unquestioningly. After suppressing the revolt, he retaliated by limiting the privileges of Bohemian cities and inserting a new bureaucracy of royal officials to control urban authorities. Ferdinand I (Spanish: Fernando I) (10 March 1503 – 25 July 1564) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1556, king of Bohemia and Royal Hungary from 1526, and king of Croatia from 1527 until his death in 1564. Charles split the power cause he drew alot of worry cause the Habsburgs controlled half of Europe. He gave Ferdinand the empire cause he knew more about the internal affairs. In 1527, soon after ascending the throne, he published a constitution for his hereditary domains (Hofstaatsordnung) and established Austrian-style institutions in Pressburg for Hungary, in Prague for Bohemia, and in Breslau for Silesia. After the death of his brother-in-law Louis II, Ferdinand ruled as King of Bohemia and Hungary (1526–1564). Ferdinand was born in Alcalá de Henares, Spain, the second son of Queen Joanna I of Castile from the House of Trastámara (herself the daughter of the Catholic Monarchs Isabel I of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon) and Habsburg Archduke Philip the Handsome, who was heir to Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor. As the ruler of Austria, Bohemia and Royal Hungary, Ferdinand adopted a policy of centralisation and, in common with other monarchs of the time, the construction of an absolute monarchy. [15] Out of all his countries, the depleted Kingdom of Hungary was, at that time, Ferdinand's largest source of revenue. This allowed him to increase his power in this realm. Ferdinand I (10 March 1503 – 25 July 1564) was king of Bohemia and Hungary from 1526 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1558. Diary, 5-11 Oct., 1562. According to the terms set at the First Congress of Vienna in 1515, Ferdinand married Anne Jagiellonica, daughter of King Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary on 22 July 1515. [17] Ferdinand also sought to strengthen the position of the Catholic church in the Bohemian lands, and favoured the installation of the Jesuits there. Dr. István Kenyeres: The Financial Administrative Reforms and Revenues of Ferdinand I in Hungary, English summary at page 92 Link1: For a general discussion of the impact of the Reformation on the Holy Roman Empire, see Holborn, chapters 6–9 (pp. Ferdinand and his son Maximilian participated in the victorious campaign of Charles V against the German Protestants in 1547. While not a supremely gifted commander, he was interested in military matters and participated in several campaigns during his reign. In the 1540s, the situation changed. Other confessions had acquired popular, if not legal, legitimacy in the intervening decades and by 1555, the reforms proposed by Luther were no longer the only possibilities of religious expression: Anabaptists, such as the Frisian Menno Simons (1492–1559) and his followers; the followers of John Calvin, who were particularly strong in the southwest and the northwest; and the followers of Huldrych Zwingli were excluded from considerations and protections under the Peace of Augsburg. He also converted the elected crowns of Bohemia and Hungary into hereditary possessions of the house of Habsburg. He took possession of Bohemia without difficulty but faced a rival claimant, János Zápolya, in Hungary. Wikipedia [26], Charles' abdication had far-reaching consequences in imperial diplomatic relations with France and the Netherlands, particularly in his allotment of the Spanish kingdom to Philip. creatorOf: Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, 1503-1564. In 1556 the Diet returned John II Sigismund to the eastern Hungarian throne, where he remained until 1570. Charles's choices were appropriate. In 1547 the Bohemian Estates rebelled against Ferdinand after he had ordered the Bohemian army to move against the German Protestants. Ferdinand I, (born March 10, 1503, Alcalá de Henares, Spain—died July 25, 1564, Vienna, Habsburg domain [now in Austria]), Holy Roman emperor (1558–64) and king of Bohemia and Hungary from 1526, who, with his Peace of Augsburg (1555), concluded the era of religious strife in Germany following the rise of Lutheranism by recognizing the right of territorial princes to determine the religion of their subjects. Corrections? The key events during his reign were the contest with the Ottoman Empire, which in the 1520s began a great advance into Central Europe, and the Protestant Reformation, which resulted in several wars of religion. Ferdinand returned in command of his brother's fleet but en route was blown off-course and spent four days in Kinsale in Ireland before reaching his destination. Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor, the nocturnal North-western quadrant, consisting of the 4th, 5th and 6th houses, prevails in your chart: this sector favours creativity, conception and some sort of specialization or training, with helpfulness and relations as strong components. In 1549, he agreed to support Ferdinand's claim, and Imperial armies marched into Transylvania. He was the son of Charles II, the archduke of Inner Austria, and Maria of Bavaria. [10] In return for the throne, Archduke Ferdinand promised to respect the historic rights, freedoms, laws and customs of the Croats when they united with the Hungarian kingdom and to defend Croatia from Ottoman invasion. He married Anna of Bohemia and Hungary (1503-1547) 27 May 1521 JL in Linz, Austria. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ferdinand-I-Holy-Roman-emperor, The Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia Online - Biography of Ferdinand I. But as the army of Suleiman drew nearer he yielded and on 23 July 1532 the peace was concluded at Nuremberg where the final deliberations took place. On 24 October 1526 the Bohemian Diet, acting under the influence of chancellor Adam of Hradce, elected Ferdinand King of Bohemia under conditions of confirming traditional privileges of the estates and also moving the Habsburg court to Prague. During his Emperorship, the Council of Trent came to an end. Therefore, after the death of his brother-in-law Louis II, King of Bohemia and of Hungary, at the battle of Mo… They were supported by different factions of the nobility in the Hungarian kingdom. Ferdinand was born, raised, and educated in Spain. Pierpont Morgan Library. [7] They had fifteen children, all but two of whom reached adulthood: Ferdinand I has been the main motif for many collector coins and medals. You can help Wikiquote … Though he supported his brother, Ferdinand also managed to strengthen his own realm. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree.... Armour of Emperor Ferdinand I, by Kunz Lochner, 1549; in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City. Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor (10 March 1503 – 25 July 1564) reigned as archiduke of Austria from 1521, king of Hungary, Bohemia and Croatia from 1526 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1556 till his death. Ferdinand became suo jure monarch in Austria and succeeded Charles as Holy Roman Emperor. According to the terms set at the First Congress of Vienna in 1515, Ferdinand married Anne Jagiellonica, daughter of King Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary on 22 July 1515. [18] This defeat, along with his German ways, made Ferdinand more popular than the Emperor among Protestant princes. Several issues of the Council of Trent were solved after a compromise was personally reached between Emperor Ferdinand and Morone, the papal legate. Each was elected by a rival faction, and Hungary remained divided among Ferdinand, Zápolya, and the Ottoman Empire. For more than three decades he was Charles’s deputy in German affairs, representing him at imperial diets and serving as president of the Reichsregiment (imperial governmental council). Ferdinand defeated Zápolya at the Battle of Tarcal in September 1527 and again in the Battle of Szina in March 1528. The same year, he also defeated a Protestant revolt in Bohemia, where the estates and a large part of the nobility had denied him support in the German campaign. He was first the Archduke of Austria from 1521-1564. Ferdinand was a supporter of the Counter-Reformation and helped lead the Catholic response against what he saw as the heretical tide of Protestantism. During the Ottoman wars the territory of the former Kingdom of Hungary shrunk by around 70%. Ferdinand II, Archduke of Further Austria, Austrian hereditary lands of the Habsburgs, King of Hungary, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, Francesco I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, "Habsburg, Philipp I. der Schöne von Oesterreich", Biographisches Lexikon des Kaiserthums Oesterreich, "Charles, called The Bold, duke of Burgundy", "Ferdinand V. of Castile and Leon and II. His eldest son, Maximilian, succeeded him in 1564. Ferdinand I, Emperor of Germany, 1503-1564. Ferdinand; Polish: Ferdynand I. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Finally, in 1561 Ferdinand revived the Archdiocese of Prague, which had been previously liquidated due to the success of the Protestants. On 26 May 1521 in Linz, Austria, Ferdinand married Anna of Bohemia and Hungary (1503–1547), daughter of Vladislaus II of Bohemia and Hungary and his wife Anne de Foix. Some of them even went to war against the Empire, and many Bohemian (German or Czech) Protestants or Utraquists sympathized with them.[17]. 16th century Holy Roman Emperor, Archduke of Austria and Infante of Spain. T This course of events had been guaranteed already on 5 January 1531 when Ferdinand had been elected the King of the Romans and so the legitimate successor of the reigning Emperor. The throne of Hungary became the subject of a dynastic dispute between Ferdinand and John Zápolya, Voivode of Transylvania. Ferdinand was also a patron of the arts. King of Croatia, Dalmatia, Slavonia, and formally king of Serbia, Galicia (in Eastern Europe) and Lodomeria, etc. After the death of Louis II, Ferdinand ruled as King of Bohemia and Hungary (1526–1564). Ferdinand was also elected King of Hungary, Dalmatia, Croatia, Slavonia, etc. Due to lengthy debate and bureaucratic procedure, the Imperial Diet did not accept the Imperial succession until 3 May 1558. 123–248). Before his accession, he ruled the Austrian hereditary lands of the Habsburgs in the name of his elder brother, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. The war in Hungary continued. John II Sigismund was also supported by King Sigismund I of Poland, his mother's father, but in 1543 Sigismund made a treaty with the Habsburgs and Poland became neutral. He was the leading champion of the Roman Catholic Counter-Reformation and of absolutist rule during the Thirty Years’ War. Its German population was composed of Catholics and Lutherans. Although he too had been born in Spain, he had administered his brother's affairs in the Empire since 1531. Media in category "Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor in art" The following 26 files are in this category, out of 26 total. In the Treaty of Weissenburg (1551), Isabella agreed on behalf of John II Sigismund to abdicate as King of Hungary and to hand over the royal crown and regalia. Ferdinand II was a member of the House of Habsburg and served as the Holy Roman Emperor (1619–1637), the king of Bohemia (1617–1619 and 1620–1637), and the king of Hungary (1618–1637). [16], When he took control of the Bohemian lands in the 1520s, their religious situation was complex. Ferdinand shared his customs, culture, name, and even his birthday with his maternal grandfather Ferdinand II of Aragon. Ferdinand I, (born March 10, 1503, Alcalá de Henares, Spain—died July 25, 1564, Vienna, Habsburg domain [now in Austria]), Holy Roman emperor (1558–64) and king of Bohemia and Hungary from 1526, who, with his Peace of Augsburg (1555), concluded the era of religious strife in Germany following the rise of Lutheranism by recognizing the right of territorial princes to … [19] At the conference, which opened on 5 February, Ferdinand cajoled, persuaded and threatened the various representatives into agreement on three important principles promulgated on 25 September: After 1555, the Peace of Augsburg became the legitimating legal document governing the co-existence of the Lutheran and Catholic faiths in the German lands of the Holy Roman Empire, and it served to ameliorate many of the tensions between followers of the "Old Faith" (Catholicism) and the followers of Luther, but it had two fundamental flaws. Later generations are included although Austrian titles of nobility were abolished in 1919. Ferdinand I (Spanish: Fernando I) (10 March 1503 – 25 July 1564) was Holy Roman Emperor from 1556, king of Bohemia and Royal Hungary from 1526, and king of Croatia from 1527 until his death in 1564. In the summer of 1518 he was sent to Flanders following his brother Charles's arrival in Spain as newly appointed King Charles I. Ferdinand III (Ferdinand Ernest; 13 July 1608 in Graz – 2 April 1657 in Vienna) was from 1621 Archduke of Austria, King of Hungary from 1625, King of Croatia and Bohemia from 1627 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1637 until his death in 1657.. Ferdinand ascended the throne at the beginning of the last decade of the Thirty Years' War and introduced lenient policies to depart … The younger brother of the Holy Roman emperor Charles V, Ferdinand was granted Austria, with the regency of both the Habsburg German lands and Württemberg. Thus Royal Hungary and Transylvania went to Ferdinand, who agreed to recognise John II Sigismund as vassal Prince of Transylvania and betrothed one of his daughters to him. Holy Roman Emperor from 15 February 1637 until his death, as well as King of Hungary and Croatia, King of Bohemia and Archduke of Austria. [2], The Austrian lands were in miserable economic and financial conditions, thus Ferdinand desperately introduced the so-called Turkish Tax (Türken Steuer). He was particularly fond of music and hunting. Ferdinand I , Holy Roman Emperor . Ferdinand was born in Alcalá de Henares, Spain, the second son of Queen Joanna I of Castile from the House of Trastámara (herself the daughter of the Catholic Monarchs Isabel I of Castile and Ferdinand of Aragon) and Habsburg Archduke Philip the Handsome, who was heir to Maxim… 338–345. 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